git基础操作

git版本库

仓库（repository）：是本地磁盘的一个目录，目录的所有项目文件都可以被git进行控制管理。

初始化仓库：

git init

此时的仓库目录结构如图：

工作区：除了隐藏目录.git（版本库）之外的所有文件。

暂存区：工作区的文件先要提交到版本库的暂存区中，然后由暂存区提交完成。

查看仓库的状态：

git status

此时仓库中没有提交的文件，提示创建或复制一个文件添加到版本库进行追踪，先在工作区中创建一个文件text.txt,然后添加进暂存区

文件的状态有：

• untracked：不受版本库控制追踪
• modified：受控制并且已被修改
• staged：受控制，已被修改，并且git add到了暂存区
• committed：从暂存区已经git commit到了本地仓库
• unmodified：提交到本地仓库未修改或者从远程仓库克隆下来

添加文件：

git add <文件名>

此时仓库中把工作区的版本添加进了暂存区，提示暂存区中有新的文件可供提交

提交文件：

git commit -m  "备注" <文件名>

此时仓库中暂存区会提交最终版本并生成一个commit id，工作区是干净的，没有文件可供提交。

查看提交历史记录：

git log

看起来比较繁琐有commit id、作者、日期、备注等，可以用一行显示commit id、备注等

git log --pretty=oneline

git reflog

通过git reset重置的文件，重置HEAD版本之后的改动记录全部没了，可以通过git reflog找回

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git reflog
f981959 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: commit: “delete ti.txt
8235eee HEAD@{1}: commit: ti
fa77183 HEAD@{2}: commit: third edit
ce0fdd0 HEAD@{3}: reset: moving to ce0fdd06
c2b655d HEAD@{4}: reset: moving to c2b655d15
c2b655d HEAD@{5}: commit: repired conflict
b16e8e1 HEAD@{6}: reset: moving to b16e8e14ccb603f5d1a9ae05aa69e771c1b2ee41
b16e8e1 HEAD@{7}: reset: moving to b16e8e14ccb
ce0fdd0 HEAD@{8}: reset: moving to ce0fdd067f536c
b16e8e1 HEAD@{9}: reset: moving to b16e8e14ccb603
ce0fdd0 HEAD@{10}: reset: moving to HEAD^
b16e8e1 HEAD@{11}: reset: moving to b16e8e14ccb603f5d1a9ae
ce0fdd0 HEAD@{12}: reset: moving to HEAD^
b16e8e1 HEAD@{13}: commit: third edit
ce0fdd0 HEAD@{14}: reset: moving to HEAD^
55d1970 HEAD@{15}: commit: third edit
ce0fdd0 HEAD@{16}: commit: second edit
39d4917 HEAD@{17}: commit (initial): first edit

版本回退与修改

首先，我们修改三次文件，并提交到版本库，文件内容如下：

commit id	39d4917a3cb	ce0fdd067f53	55d1970077
内容	first edit	first edit second edit	first edit second edit third edit
备注	first edit	second edit	third edit

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git log --pretty=oneline
55d1970077eea3d750612d26b41eba84ad9d10b0 (HEAD -> master) third edit
ce0fdd067f536cf5d2d1f76de1bd09d184258c49 second edit
39d4917a3cb68596d2e6ff2173c0bf985d379399 first edit

由上图可知，（HEAD -> master）指向我们当前版本，若要回退上一个版本就是HEAD^，倒退二个版本就是HEAD^^，倒退三个版本就是HEAD^^^，以此类推倒退100个就是HEAD~100。同样我们也可以使用他们的commit id来进行回退。

git checkout回退

git checkout -- <文件名>

此时我们修改test.txt,文件添加“fourth edit”，可是当我们想用git add添加到暂存区时突然后悔了，想撤回工作区中的修改：

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git status
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
        modified:   test.txt

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git checkout -- test.txt

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean

此时将暂存区的内容恢复到工作区并更新了暂存区，查看test.txt中的文件被修改成third edit之后的内容，工作区是干净的，没有文件提交。（在Git 2.23之后被git restore替换）

git restore回退

git-restore用于从索引或其他提交还原工作树中的文件。此命令不会更新您的分支。该命令还可用于从另一个提交还原索引中的文件。

git restore <file>

Git2.23版本之后添加的，和git checkout -- <file>一样将暂存区的内容恢复到工作区，为了解决git checkout的负担。

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git status
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
        modified:   test.txt

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git restore test.txt

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean

当我们修改文件test.txt，增加“fourth edit”并git add到暂存区，此时我们想要撤回暂存的内容，用当前提交版本HEAD覆盖暂存区：

git restore --staged <file>

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git status
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
        modified:   test.txt
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git add test.txt

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git status
On branch master
Changes to be committed:
  (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage)
        modified:   test.txt

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git restore --staged test.txt
Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git status
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
        modified:   test.txt

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

此时暂存区被HEAD覆盖，工作区文件没有被修改，恢复到了git add前的状态。若要恢复工作区原状，使用git restore <file>。

如果未指定，则工作树的默认还原源是索引，索引的默认还原源是 HEAD。同时指定--staged暂存区和--worktree工作区， --source还必须指定。同时使用HEAD还原暂存区和工作区：

git restore --source=HEAD --staged --worktree test.txt
git restore -s@ -SW hello.c

还原全部“*.txt”：

git restore '*.c'

还原当前目录的所有文件：

git restore .
git restore :/

git revert回退

git-revert关于进行新的提交，该提交将还原其他提交所做的更改。

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git revert ce0fdd067f536cf5d2d1f76
Auto-merging test.txt
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in test.txt
error: could not revert ce0fdd0... second edit
hint: after resolving the conflicts, mark the corrected paths
hint: with 'git add <paths>' or 'git rm <paths>'
hint: and commit the result with 'git commit'

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master|REVERTING)
$ git add test.txt

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master|REVERTING)
$ git commit -m "repired conflict" test.txt
[master c2b655d] repired conflict
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git log --pretty=oneline
c2b655d1568416ef9b99cc59083c541d7ac5682d (HEAD -> master) repired conflict
b16e8e14ccb603f5d1a9ae05aa69e771c1b2ee41 third edit
ce0fdd067f536cf5d2d1f76de1bd09d184258c49 second edit
39d4917a3cb68596d2e6ff2173c0bf985d379399 first edit

通过git revert还原之后可能会发生冲突，会再次进行提交，追加一个HEAD记录

git reset回退

git-reset是关于更新分支，移动提示以便从分支中添加或删除提交。此操作更改提交历史记录。git reset也可以用于还原索引，与重叠 git restore。

当前在C，回退到second edit：((git reset 与git --mixed 等效，默认–mixed))

	工作区(working)	暂存区(index)	HEAD
git reset --soft <HEAD或者commitid>	A	B	C
git reset --mixed <HEAD或者commitid>	A	C	C
git reset --hard <HEAD或者commitid> `	C	C	C

git reset --soft <HEAD或者commitid>

回退到指定的版本，并且移动HEAD到指定的版本，指定版本之后的改动记录删除，工作区和暂存区没有改动。还可以使用git commit 对暂存区向HEAD覆盖：

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git log --pretty=oneline
55d1970077eea3d750612d26b41eba84ad9d10b0 (HEAD -> master) third edit
ce0fdd067f536cf5d2d1f76de1bd09d184258c49 second edit
39d4917a3cb68596d2e6ff2173c0bf985d379399 first edit

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git reset --soft HEAD^

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git status
On branch master
Changes to be committed:
  (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage)
        modified:   test.txt

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git reflog
ce0fdd0 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: reset: moving to HEAD^
55d1970 HEAD@{1}: commit: third edit
ce0fdd0 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{2}: commit: second edit
39d4917 HEAD@{3}: commit (initial): first edit
Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git commit -m "third edit" test.txt
[master b16e8e1] third edit
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git log --pretty=oneline
b16e8e14ccb603f5d1a9ae05aa69e771c1b2ee41 (HEAD -> master) third edit
ce0fdd067f536cf5d2d1f76de1bd09d184258c49 second edit
39d4917a3cb68596d2e6ff2173c0bf985d379399 first edit

git reset --mixed <HEAD或者commitid>或者git reset <HEAD或者commitid>

回退到指定的版本，并且移动HEAD到指定的版本，指定版本之后的改动记录删除，暂存区被指定的版本覆盖，工作区没有改动。还可以使用git restore 对暂存区向工作区覆盖：

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git log --pretty=oneline
b16e8e14ccb603f5d1a9ae05aa69e771c1b2ee41 (HEAD -> master) third edit
ce0fdd067f536cf5d2d1f76de1bd09d184258c49 second edit
39d4917a3cb68596d2e6ff2173c0bf985d379399 first edit

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git reset HEAD^
Unstaged changes after reset:
M       test.txt

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git log --pretty=oneline
ce0fdd067f536cf5d2d1f76de1bd09d184258c49 (HEAD -> master) second edit
39d4917a3cb68596d2e6ff2173c0bf985d379399 first edit

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git status
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
        modified:   test.txt

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git restore test.txt

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean

git reset --hard <HEAD或者commitid>

回退到指定的版本，并且移动HEAD到指定的版本，指定版本之后的改动记录删除，暂存区被指定的版本覆盖，工作区被指定版本覆盖：

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git log --pretty=oneline
b16e8e14ccb603f5d1a9ae05aa69e771c1b2ee41 (HEAD -> master) third edit
ce0fdd067f536cf5d2d1f76de1bd09d184258c49 second edit
39d4917a3cb68596d2e6ff2173c0bf985d379399 first edit

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git reset --hard ce0fdd067f536c
HEAD is now at ce0fdd0 second edit

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git log --pretty=oneline
ce0fdd067f536cf5d2d1f76de1bd09d184258c49 (HEAD -> master) second edit
39d4917a3cb68596d2e6ff2173c0bf985d379399 first edit

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean

带文件参数的没有--soft，--hard只有--mixed，表示HEAD不动，HEAD覆盖暂存区:

git reset <文件名>或者git reset --mixed <文件名>

（这种只对本地分支有效，对远程分支无效。也就是已经push到远程仓库的commit不允许reset）

修改比较

git diff HEAD -- <文件>

使用git diff HEAD -- <文件> 可以查看工作区和HEAD里最新版的不同之处

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git diff HEAD -- test.txt

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git diff HEAD -- test.txt
diff --git a/test.txt b/test.txt
index 2267ac8..f092ba5 100644
--- a/test.txt
+++ b/test.txt
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 first edit
 second edit
-third edit
\ No newline at end of file
+third edit + fourth edit
\ No newline at end of file

删除文件

有时候误删rm <file>了一个文件，需要找回时，使用git restore <文件>从暂存区恢复

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ rm test.txt

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git status
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add/rm <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
        deleted:    test.txt

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git restore test.txt

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ ll
total 1
-rw-r--r-- 1 Qsky8 197609 35  4月 29 23:19 test.txt

有时候删除rm <file>了一个文件，可以通过git rm <file>从暂存区中删除文件，然后提交至HEAD

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ rm ti.txt

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git status
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add/rm <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
        deleted:    ti.txt

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git rm ti.txt
rm 'ti.tQsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)

$ git status
On branch master
Changes to be committed:
  (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage)
        deleted:    ti.txt

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git commit -m "delete ti.txt"
[master f981959] “delete ti.txt
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 ti.txt

Qsky8@Nebula MINGW64 /d/Users/Qsky8/Desktop/git (master)
$ git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean